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The long-awaited inquests into the deaths of 21 people in the 1974 IRA Birmingham pub bombings have begun with a minute\u2019s silence for the victims.<\/p>\nThe long-awaited inquests into the deaths of 21 people in the 1974 IRA Birmingham pub bombings have begun with a minute\u2019s silence for the victims.<\/p>\n
The coroner Sir Peter Thornton told jurors they would hear evidence of how the two bomb blasts ripped apart two pubs on what was a \u201cperfectly ordinary evening\u201d, in Birmingham.<\/p>\n
He told them there would be evidence alleging British security forces may have had some forewarning about the attacks, widely thought to have been carried out by the provisional IRA, including an \u201cover-heard\u201d conversation which took place in prison two weeks before the bombings.<\/p>\n
Sir Peter, continuing his opening statement, added that the inquests would not deal with the issue of who planted the bombs, adding that was a \u201ctask of police, prosecutors and the criminal courts\u201d.<\/p>\n
He added that although a single hearing, lasting up to six weeks, the inquests would deal with \u201c21 separate people, 21 separate lives lost from two terrible events\u201d.<\/p>\n
As well as those killed, 220 were injured in the blasts, which were carried out at the height of an IRA bombing campaign in the West Midlands, the jury was told.<\/p>\n
A third bomb, jurors heard, was planted near the Barclays Bank on the Hagley Road but failed to properly detonate that night.<\/p>\n
The coroner said that there had been \u201cover 50\u201d incidents involving bombs and incendiaries \u201cin and around Birmingham\u201d in 1973 and 1974, but that after the pub blasts \u201cthe campaign in the West Midlands stopped\u201d.<\/p>\n
He told the six women and five men of the jury it would be a matter for them whether the IRA called off its Midlands campaign because of the \u201coutrage of civilian deaths on this scale\u201d or \u201csome other reason\u201d.<\/p>\n
Sir Peter said: \u201cThis is something that the city of Birmingham has suffered now for many years.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhile the inquests will inevitably focus on those who died we must also remember many other lives were and continue to be affected.\u201d<\/p>\n
Jurors, sitting at Birmingham Civil Justice Center, were told they would hear evidence from only a few eyewitnesses of those there on the evening, because some were \u201cno longer alive\u201d.<\/p>\n
He added: \u201cThey will be doing their best to recollect events accurately, but we all know memory will sometimes have gaps.<\/p>\n
\u201cRecollection may sometimes be distorted or inaccurate, it may be correct.\u201d<\/p>\n
Sir Peter said \u201cnobody has been successfully prosecuted for the attack\u201d, and that the only men ever to stand trial, the Birmingham Six, were freed on appeal in 1991.<\/p>\n
He also said: \u201cNobody is on trial here, an inquest does not decide matters of criminal or civil liability, and this is not a question of attributing blame to any individuals.\u201d<\/p>\n
He told jurors who \u201cmay well be wondering why now\u201d, that the original inquests were put aside in 1975, with the start of the six men\u2019s criminal trial.<\/p>\n
The former chief coroner for England and Wales added that there would be details of the so-called \u201cforewarning issue\u201d, and evidence the British authorities may have received information signalling there were to be bomb attacks.<\/p>\n
Among them, evidence of an alleged tip-off concerning a \u201cpossible conversation in a local prison nearly two weeks before the bombings\u201d.<\/p>\n
Jurors would also hear an account of \u201cevidence of a students\u2019 visit to a police station the evening of the bombings, which was cancelled\u201d.<\/p>\n
Detailing the chain of events that night, Sir Peter said that at 8.11pm, the Birmingham Post and Mail newspaper received a coded bomb warning from a man \u201cwith an Irish accent\u201d accompanied with the code word \u201cdouble X\u201d.<\/p>\n
The caller, ringing from a telephone box, spoke of a bomb in the city\u2019s landmark Rotunda, and the tax office in New Street.<\/p>\n
Sir Peter said that the newspaper\u2019s telephonist\u2019s record of the message made no mention of pubs.<\/p>\n
The two bombs detonated in \u201cmassive explosions\u201d between 8.15pm and 8.20pm, killing 19 on the night \u2013 eight in the Mulberry Bush, at the foot of the rotunda, and two outside the nightspot.<\/p>\n
Another nine died in the Tavern In The Town, which was a large pub in the basement of the same building as the tax office, King Edward\u2019s House.<\/p>\n
Two died later of their injuries, with 12 of the victims under 25.<\/p>\n
Sir Peter said: \u201cIt was a normal Thursday evening in Birmingham, on November 21, 1974.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt was not a weekend, but the pubs, two in particular, were busy enough and both quite popular with young people.\u201d<\/p>\n
He added the premises were only some 50 yards away from one another.<\/p>\n
\u201cAt 8pm that evening, it was a perfectly ordinary evening in the two pubs, a film was showing at the Odeon cinema but just after 8.15pm, all of that changed,\u201d Sir Peter said.<\/p>\n
\u201cMoments later there was an explosion at the Mulberry Bush, and just minutes later a second explosion at the Tavern In The Town.<\/p>\n
\u201cThey were massive explosions.\u201d<\/p>\n
He told jurors: \u201cAfter hearing the evidence you may conclude the bombs were brought and planted in such a way that extensive loss of life, injury and devastation, would have been caused.<\/p>\n
\u201cThey were planted in enclosed spaces in busy pubs, where there were many people.<\/p>\n
\u201cYou may be asked to determine whether those who died were unlawfully killed.\u201d<\/p>\n
Hearings will continue on Tuesday and Wednesday with pen portraits of each of the victims, while on Thursday, the jurors will be taken to the former sites of the pubs \u2013 both since long gone.<\/p>\n
The inquests, which are being held in Birmingham, are the culmination of years of campaigning by relatives of the dead for a full account into the circumstances of what happened on the night of November 21, 1974.<\/p>\n
Julie Hambleton, whose 18-year-old sister Maxine was among those killed, attended the inquest, alongside some 15 other bereaved family members.<\/p>\n
She has said previously that all the bereaved were seeking was \u201ctruth, justice and accountability\u201d.<\/p>\n